Hafn
72
Hf
Grupa
4
Okres
6
Blok
d
Protony
Elektrony
Neutrony
72
72
106
Ogólne właściwości
Liczba atomowa
72
Masa atomowa
178,49
Liczba masowa
178
Kategoria
Metale przejściowe
Kolor
Szary
Radioaktywny
Nie
From Hafinia, the Latin name for Copenhagen
Układ krystalograficzny
Sześciokąt prosty
Historia
In 1911, Georges Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues which was shown later to be a mixture of already discovered lanthanides.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
Elektrony na poszczególnych powłokach
2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
Konfiguracja elektronowa
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
In powdered form, hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air
Właściwości fizyczne
Stan skupienia
Ciało stałe
Gęstość
13,31 g/cm3
Temperatura topnienia
2506,15 K | 2233 °C | 4051,4 °F
Temperatura wrzenia
4876,15 K | 4603 °C | 8317,4 °F
Ciepło topnienia
25,5 kJ/mol
Ciepło parowania
630 kJ/mol
Ciepło właściwe
0,144 J/g·K
Ilość w skorupie Ziemi
0,00033%
Ilość we Wszechświecie
7×10-8%
Numer CAS
7440-58-6
Numer CID PubChem
23986
Właściwości atomowe
Promień atomowy
159 pm
Promień walencyjny
175 pm
Elektroujemność
1,3 (Skali Paulinga)
Energia jonizacji
6,8251 eV
Objętość molowa
13,6 cm3/mol
Przewodność cieplna
0,23 W/cm·K
Stopnie utlenienia
2, 3, 4
Zastosowania
Hafnium oxide-based compounds are being introduced into silicon-based chips to produce smaller, more energy efficient and performance packed processors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Hafnium is considered to be non-toxic
Izotopy
Stabilne izotopy
176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, 180HfNiestabilne izotopy
153Hf, 154Hf, 155Hf, 156Hf, 157Hf, 158Hf, 159Hf, 160Hf, 161Hf, 162Hf, 163Hf, 164Hf, 165Hf, 166Hf, 167Hf, 168Hf, 169Hf, 170Hf, 171Hf, 172Hf, 173Hf, 174Hf, 175Hf, 181Hf, 182Hf, 183Hf, 184Hf, 185Hf, 186Hf, 187Hf, 188Hf