Tul
69
Tm
Grupa
Nie dotyczy
Okres
6
Blok
f
Protony
Elektrony
Neutrony
69
69
100
Ogólne właściwości
Liczba atomowa
69
Masa atomowa
168,93421
Liczba masowa
169
Kategoria
Lantanowce
Kolor
Srebrny
Radioaktywny
Nie
Named after Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia
Układ krystalograficzny
Sześciokąt prosty
Historia
Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
Elektrony na poszczególnych powłokach
2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Konfiguracja elektronowa
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Thulium ore occurs most commonly in China
Właściwości fizyczne
Stan skupienia
Ciało stałe
Gęstość
9,321 g/cm3
Temperatura topnienia
1818,15 K | 1545 °C | 2813 °F
Temperatura wrzenia
2223,15 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F
Ciepło topnienia
16,8 kJ/mol
Ciepło parowania
250 kJ/mol
Ciepło właściwe
0,16 J/g·K
Ilość w skorupie Ziemi
0,000045%
Ilość we Wszechświecie
1×10-8%
Numer CAS
7440-30-4
Numer CID PubChem
23961
Właściwości atomowe
Promień atomowy
176 pm
Promień walencyjny
190 pm
Elektroujemność
1,25 (Skali Paulinga)
Energia jonizacji
6,1843 eV
Objętość molowa
18,1 cm3/mol
Przewodność cieplna
0,168 W/cm·K
Stopnie utlenienia
2, 3
Zastosowania
Thulium is used to dope yttrium aluminum garnets used in lasers.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
Thulium is considered to be non-toxic
Izotopy
Stabilne izotopy
169TmNiestabilne izotopy
145Tm, 146Tm, 147Tm, 148Tm, 149Tm, 150Tm, 151Tm, 152Tm, 153Tm, 154Tm, 155Tm, 156Tm, 157Tm, 158Tm, 159Tm, 160Tm, 161Tm, 162Tm, 163Tm, 164Tm, 165Tm, 166Tm, 167Tm, 168Tm, 170Tm, 171Tm, 172Tm, 173Tm, 174Tm, 175Tm, 176Tm, 177Tm, 178Tm, 179Tm